Research Article
Rutaecarpine found to have anti cancer properties. The compound is well-tolerated with low toxicity profile but its clinical translation against cancer is limited due to poor dissolution characteristics, and substantial first-pass metabolism. Objective: This paper deals with the preparation, optimization and characterization of Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating Rutaecarpine for its intended use as anticancer formulation. Methods:. A number of variables such as organic solvent, its ratio with aqueous phase, drug to polymer ratio, mixing speed were optimized. To investigate the effect of process variables on mean particle size, drug loading and entrapment efficiency of several stabilizers were also screened. In vitro Rutaecarpine release was studied using dialysis bag method. Final formulation was freeze dried for long term storage for which a number of lyoprotectants were screened. Results: It was observed that stabilizer, solvent, drug to polymer ratio, surfactant concentration, organic/aqueous phase volume ratio and stirring speed influence nanoparticle size significantly whereas drug loading and entrapment efficiency were significantly influenced by stabilizers, solvents, drug to polymer ratio and surfactant concentration. Optimized parameters were chitosan and TPP concentration 0.5 mg/ml, chitosan to TPP ratio 4:1, magnetic stirring at 1000 rpm just for five minutes was found to be sufficient.. So, based on in vitro characterization and lyophilization of all the Rutaecarpine nanoparticulate formulations based on natural biodegradable polymers, folic acid coated chitosan nanoparticles were found to be the best for encapsulation of Rutaecarpine and was selected for in vitro anticancer study.
Keywords: PLA, Rutaecarpine, polymeric nanoparticles, emulsification solvent diffusion method
Background: Chronic renal failure (CRF) frequently involves anemia, which is linked to a lower standard of living as well as a higher risk to morbidity and mortality. The current study's objectives were to examine early CKD prediction and diagnostic, estimate a few biochemical indicators, and determine the relationship between Haemoglobin concentration, renal function testing, and GDF. Materials and methods: A total of 60 cases, including 20 controls and 40 patients with Chronic renal failure (CRF), have been examined in this study. This age group of the patients was 25 to 65. Age, Body Mass (BMI), Bones Hematological Parameter, and Kidney Function Test (urea and creatinine) are calculated for the study patients. The research also measured total GDF levels inside the CKD patient and control groups. Result: When patients with CKD are compared to controls, the study's findings show a significant decline in hematological characteristics (Hb, RBC, and GFR). In contrast to controls, individuals in CKD had statistically significant increases (p 0.05) in their serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. When compared to the healthy control group, the results revealed a significant rise in GDF in CKD patients. This biomarker also exhibited a positive correlation with BMI and a negative correlation with Hb and GFR in CKD patients. Conclusions: Our investigation came to the conclusion that there was strong evidence linking CKD and anemia. Increased circulating GDF-15 concentrations were associated with higher mortality in adults with CKD. A higher rate of heart failure was likewise associated with elevated GDF-15 levels. The mechanisms linking these circulating biomarkers to cardiovascular disease in CKD patients require further investigation. This GDF is adversely regulated by hemoglobin. Therefore, there is a link among GDF15 concentrations as well as the likelihood of anemia in CKD patients. In CKD patients, there is a favorable connection between GDF and BMI. Therefore, a rise in BMI is a significant risk factor for the development of chronic renal disease. As there is a strong clinical correlation among GDF with renal problems, In CKD patients, GDF and GFR are negatively correlated. Early renal illness causes an increase in GDF, and anemia caused by a drop in Hb causes anemia. The GDF is a good biomarker for predicting kidney disease and anemia at the outset of the disease, as a result of what we have suggested.
Keywords: CKD, Chronic kidney disease, CRF, Chronic renal failure, BMI, Growth differentiation factor 15, GDF
There is a huge public health issue with poisoning, and it is the most common reason people go to the emergency department (ED). However, characteristics that help predict total poisoning-related death have only been discovered in a handful of studies around the world As a result of the easy access to so many chemicals and medications, acute poisoning has become a prevalent medical emergency around the world. Although strategies to prevent toxic intake have been successful, acute poisoning remains a significant public health issue. The consequences of poisoning are more common in underdeveloped countries than in the developed world due to lax laws and insufficient access to health care. In this study, poisoning cases that were admitted to a secondary care hospital were characterised. All patients with acute poisoning, drug overdose, or envenomation was admitted throughout the study period were included. We didn't include things like food borne illness, animal bites, or long-term drug or chemical poisonings in our calculations. Interviews with caregivers and an examination of medical records were used as research tools. Patients' personal information, as well as information about the type and circumstances of their poisoning data was collected.
Keywords: Poisoning, emergency department, Public hospital
The PARP research on cancer and ischemia is advancing at a breakneck pace. Olaparib, Rucaparib, Niraparib, and Talazoparib are the four PARP1 inhibitors currently on the market, according to the FDA. All of these compounds are non-selective PARP1 inhibitors. Novel and selective PARP1 inhibitors are desperately needed right now. A small molecule database (Specs SC) was used to find new selective lead inhibitors of PARP1 in this study. The 9-anilinoacridine scaffold is a new fragment that is employed as a PARP1 inhibitor and anti-proliferative drug. Thus, 21 compounds containing 9-Anilinoacridine fragments were discovered and virtually tested in the binding site of target protein PARP1 based on text mining studies. In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, compounds with high docking scores were employed. The anticipated binding energies were compared to known PARP1 inhibitors using free energy calculations. Docking study revealed that among all 21 compounds 1v showed highest g score. Prime MMGBSA analysis gave the relative binding energies of 1v. The essential amino acid interactions of these newly discovered hits in the binding pocket were also studied in depth in order to gain a better understanding of the structural properties required for next-generation PARP1 inhibitors. Thus, we identified novel 9-Anilinoacridine-based hits against the PARP1 enzyme using a mix of text-mining and integrated molecular modelling techniques
Keywords: PARP1 inhibitors; virtual screening; text mining; molecular docking; molecular dynamics simulations; Pharmacophore; 9-Anilino acridine derivatives
In this study, we examined the berberine-chitosan nanoparticles (BCNP) action as a natural polymer used to enhance liver and kidney damage induced by phenylhydrazine in male rats. Healthy 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighed 150 - 200 g were used in this study and the animals were randomly divided into four groups, G1: (CON), G2: chitosan (CHS), G3: berberine (BER), and G4: berberine-chitosan NPs (BCNPs). Serum ALT, AST, TP, and TB for assessment of liver damage, and creatinine (CRI) and urea (UR) were measured to investigate kidney damage. The administration of experimental rats with BCNPs done by the current study BCNPs with the dose of 0.5 mg/Kg B.W. will be given protection from hepatotoxic and kidney damage action of phenylhydrazine. Liver sections revealed moderate improvement of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct and reorganization of hepatic cords. Kidney sections illustrated also moderate improvement of tubular necrosis. In conclusion, the usage of BCNPs as a natural polymer with moderated modifications has greatly improved the curative effect of pure BER and CHS to protect the liver and kidneys against toxicity induced by phenylhydrazine that may be by a reduction in lipid peroxidation and enhancement of the main markers of liver and kidney.
Keywords: Liver and kidney damage, Berberine, Chitosan, drug delivery, NPs
Original Research
Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is a severe infectious disease that is endemic in Egypt. Great efforts are spent to provide continuous updates about its epidemiology and outcomes. The current study aimed to evaluate role of rapid reagent tests in the diagnosis of ABM. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional observational study. The study included 350 cases admitted with suspected meningitis. Lumbar puncture (LP): for collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. CSF examinations (physical, chemical, cytological and microbiological examinations) and rapid reagent test were done. Blood culture was done. MRI was performed before L.P for indicated cases. Detailed analysis of demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms & signs. Interpretation of the results of laboratory investigations. The causative microorganisms and prognosis of all ABM cases were studied. Results: Preexisting illnesses presented in 74.5% of patients with ABM. 40% of the patients didn’t receive antibiotics before admission. 56.4% of the organisms were classified Streptococcus pneumonia (S. pneumonia), staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus), Staphylococcus epidermis (S. epidermidis), group B streptococcus (GBS),and Enterococci Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). 43.6% of bacteria causing ABM were Neisseria meningitides (N. meningitides), Escherichia coli (E coli), Hemophilus influenza type b (Hib). ABM carried a high mortality rate (22.7%). ABM resulted in long term hazards in 21.8%. There was a highly significant positive correlation (P<0.001) between the rapid reagent strip test and laboratory leukocytes count, protein, and glucose concentration in cases of ABM. Conclusion: ABM affects a wide range of patients' age. Rapid reagent test provides quick and reliable diagnostic tool for ABM.
Keywords: Acute bacterial meningitis; pneumonia; etiology; prognosis
Research Article
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed using an ODSC18 column for the analysis of teriflunomide (TRF), in accordance with the regulatory requirement of Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) in the development of robust analytics. Following risk analysis, a number of critical method variables (CMV) were used as inputs, including the solvent modifier (A), flow rate (B), injection volume (C), column tem (D), and buffer strength (E), while the corresponding Flow rate (F1), injection volume (F2), and buffer strength (F3) of TRF were used as method responses that are likely to have an impact on method performance. The analytical target profile (ATP) was established in accordance with ICH and USP standards. The Central Composite Design (CCD) and Fractional-Factorial Design(FFD) was used as a tool in the investigation of scientific understanding between input variables (A-E) and method responses (F1-F3). The method operable design region (MODR) was arrived at by subsequent analysis of systematic simulation followed by 3D-Contour plots. There were Five candidate methods were selected within MODR and verified experimentally. The r2 value was 0.997 (TRF) indicating the consistency of the model and reliability of the method in the region. Among the methods, a method Solvent modifier-ACN:0.1AA(A), the Flow rate of 0.75 μM/ml (B), Injection volume of 15 μL/ml (C) Column temp of 27°C (D) and Buffer strength of 50 μM (E) was validated as per ICH Q2R1 guidelines. A conventional RP- HPLC method was developed by trial-and-error method and was compared with the AQbD method. The result indicated the AQbD method was relatively more robust with CMV range ofACN-0.1AA (A), 0.5-1.0(B), 10-20 (C), 25-30(D)and 50-30(E) whilst the conventional HPLC method failed for robustness.
Keywords: AQbD, Teriflunomide, RP-HPLC, Method Development
The water quality and flow level nature of AL-Musayyib River have been experimentally studied. Experimental data monitored within the hours of 05:00 h and 12:00 h in the course of the study include flow level current river depth and width, suspended solids SS, dissolved Oxygen DO, biochemical oxygen demand BOD and ammonia-nitrogen. The quality of water in AL-Musayyib River was fated using the River Pollution Index (RPI). Results indicate that flow level peaks within the hours 6:00 h to 8:00 h and recede within the hours of 11:00. Maximum flow level was 1.90 m and the minimum value was 0.67 m. At the high flow level, measured width varied between 111-131.8 m and at lower ebb, width of the river varied between 49.1 m and 53.1 m. At peak flow level water at an average speed of 1.46 m/s in the North west direction and at ebb flow level River in the reverse direction at a constant speed of 0.22 m/s. Physico-chemical characteristics showed that DO values the ranged between ( 3.00 and 4.55 ) with a mean of 3.25 mg/L. Suspended solids (SS) values ranged between 4-8 mg/L with a mean value of 4 mg/L. Observed BOD levels at sampling point ranged between ( 11.50-18.60 mg/L ) with a mean of 15.03 mg/L. Ammonia-nitrogen levels at sampling point ranged between ( 1.99-5.90 mg/L ) with a mean value of 3.78 mg/L. River Pollution Index (RPI) of above 6.0 was obtained and hence water quality is classified as severely polluted. The quality of water is forthright polluted and unacceptable for drinking and domestic purposes and will require best management practice to improve the water quality in future.
Keywords: Water Quality, River Pollution Index (RPI)
Original Research
The emerging resistance to anti-fungal agents encourage the exploration of new and effective natural product showing anti-fungal activity to significantly impact the and the treatment management of biofilm associated fungal infections. In nature, most of microbes live in form of biofilms, and up to 80% of microbial infections on human body are biofilms associated. This research aimed at finding out antibiofilm activity of Bajakah tampala extract against Candida albicans. The inhibition and eradication activities toward C. albicans biofilm were tested using microtiter broth method by measuring the minimum value of biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC50) and minimum biofilm value eradication concentration (MBEC50). The C. albicans biofilm structure in front of and absence of the extracts was analysed using SEM. At concentration of 1% w/v Bajakah tampala extract showed activity against C. albicans mid-phase biofilm formation and maturation phase (77.00% ± 0.01, 70.31% ± 0.01) and breakdown the established biofilms as much as 65.21% ± 0.01. The biofilm architecture analysis by SEM provided evidence that Bajakah tampala ethanol extract disturbed the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix of the C. albicans biofilm. The result obtained clearly indicate that Bajakah tampala exthanol extract can developed as a new antibiofilm candidate for the treatment of C. albicans biofilm infection.
Keywords: Bajakah tampala, biofilm, C. albicans, infection, antibiofilm
Research Article
This study's focus is on the simultaneous assessment of Rilpivirine and Cabotegravir using RP-HPLC in bulk and tablet dosage form. Materials and methods: The separation was carried out on a Zorbax SB C18 (4.6 x 150mm, 5 m) analytical column using a mobile phase of 40% Water (0.1 percent Formic Acid): 60% Acetonitrile. Using a UV detector, the eluents were found at 248.0 nm. Results: Under optimal circumstances, Rilpivirine and Cabotegravir were separated at 2.084 and 3.2mins, respectively. The detection limit for Rilpivirine was 1.02μg/mL, while the detection limit for Cabotegravir was 3.30μg/mL. Cabotegravir had a percentage mean recovery of 100.02 percent, but Rilpivirine had a recovery rate of 100.72 percent. Conclusion: The percentage of degradation was determined to be extremely low in each stressful environment. It was found that optimized conditions were incredibly ideal for simultaneously determining all of them in both marketing dose form and bulk form.
Keywords: Cabotegravir, Rilpivirine, method development, validation, and RP-HPLC